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Guide to DECthreads

Contents (summary)

Part 1 DECthreads Overview and Programming Guidelines
Chapter 1 Introducing DECthreads for Multithreaded Programming
Chapter 2 DECthreads Objects and Operations
Chapter 3 Programming with Threads
Chapter 4 Writing Thread-Safe Libraries
Chapter 5 Using the DECthreads Exception Package
Chapter 6 DECthreads Example
Part 2 POSIX.1c (pthread) Routines Reference
Part 3 Digital Proprietary Interfaces: tis Routines Reference
Part 4 Appendixes
Appendix A Considerations for Digital UNIX Systems
Appendix B Considerations for OpenVMS Systems
Appendix C Considerations for Windows NT and Windows 95 Systems
Appendix D Debugging Multithreaded Applications
Appendix E Migrating from the cma Interface
Appendix F Migrating from the d4 Interface
Glossary
Index
Figures
Examples
Tables

Contents

Part 1 DECthreads Overview and Programming Guidelines
Chapter 1 Introducing DECthreads for Multithreaded Programming
- 1.1 Advantages of Using Threads
- 1.2 Overview of Threads
- 1.3 Thread Execution
- 1.4 Functional Models for Multithreaded Programming
  - 1.4.1 Boss/Worker Model
  - 1.4.2 Work Crew Model
  - 1.4.3 Pipelining Model
  - 1.4.4 Combination of Functional Models
- 1.5 Potential Issues for Multithreaded Programs
- 1.6 DECthreads Libraries and Interfaces
  - 1.6.1 Multithreading pthread Interface
    - 1.6.1.1 Optionally Implemented POSIX.1c-1995 Routines
  - 1.6.2 Thread-Independent Services Interface
  - 1.6.3 Undocumented and Obsolete DECthreads Interfaces
    - 1.6.3.1 Undocumented But Supported cma Interface
    - 1.6.3.2 Obsolete d4 Interfaces
Chapter 2 DECthreads Objects and Operations
- 2.1 Threads, Mutexes, and Condition Variables
- 2.2 Attributes Objects
- 2.3 Thread Objects and Operations
  - 2.3.1 Creating and Starting a Thread
  - 2.3.2 Setting the Attributes of a New Thread
    - 2.3.2.1 Setting the Inherit Scheduling Attribute
    - 2.3.2.2 Setting the Scheduling Policy Attribute
      - 2.3.2.2.1 Techniques for Setting the Scheduling Policy Attribute
      - 2.3.2.2.2 Comparing Throughput and Real-Time Policies
      - 2.3.2.2.3 Portability of Scheduling Policy Settings
    - 2.3.2.3 Setting the Scheduling Parameters Attribute
    - 2.3.2.4 Setting the Stacksize Attribute
    - 2.3.2.5 Setting the Guardsize Attribute
  - 2.3.3 Terminating a Thread
    - 2.3.3.1 Cleanup Handlers
  - 2.3.4 Detaching and Destroying a Thread
  - 2.3.5 Joining on a Thread
  - 2.3.6 Scheduling a Thread
    - 2.3.6.1 Calculating the Scheduling Priority
    - 2.3.6.2 Effects of Scheduling Policy
  - 2.3.7 Canceling a Thread
    - 2.3.7.1 Thread Return Value After Cancelation
    - 2.3.7.2 Controlling Thread Cancelation
    - 2.3.7.3 Cancelation Points
    - 2.3.7.4 Cleanup from Synchronous Cancelation
    - 2.3.7.5 Cleanup from Asynchronous Cancelation
    - 2.3.7.6 Example of Thread Cancelation Code
- 2.4 Synchronization Objects
  - 2.4.1 Mutexes
    - 2.4.1.1 Normal Mutex
    - 2.4.1.2 Recursive Mutex
    - 2.4.1.3 Errorcheck Mutex
    - 2.4.1.4 Mutex Operations
    - 2.4.1.5 Mutex Attributes
  - 2.4.2 Condition Variables
  - 2.4.3 Condition Variable Attributes
- 2.5 Thread-Specific Data
Chapter 3 Programming with Threads
- 3.1 Designing Code for Asynchronous Execution
- 3.2 Memory Synchronization Between Threads
- 3.3 Using Shared Memory
  - 3.3.1 Using Static Memory
  - 3.3.2 Using Stack Memory
  - 3.3.3 Using Dynamic Memory
- 3.4 Managing a Thread's Stack
  - 3.4.1 Using a Stack Guard Region
  - 3.4.2 Handling Stack Overflow
  - 3.4.3 Sizing the Stack
- 3.5 Scheduling Issues
  - 3.5.1 Real-Time Scheduling
  - 3.5.2 Priority Inversion
- 3.6 Using Synchronization Objects
  - 3.6.1 Distinguishing Proper Usage of Mutexes and Condition Variables
  - 3.6.2 Avoiding Race Conditions
  - 3.6.3 Avoiding Deadlocks
  - 3.6.4 Signaling a Condition Variable
- 3.7 One-Time Initialization
- 3.8 Managing Dependencies Upon Other Libraries
  - 3.8.1 Thread Reentrancy
  - 3.8.2 Thread Safety
  - 3.8.3 Lacking Thread Safety
    - 3.8.3.1 Using Mutex Around Call to Unsafe Code
    - 3.8.3.2 Using or Copying Static Data Before Releasing the Mutex
    - 3.8.3.3 Using the DECthreads Global Lock
  - 3.8.4 Use of Multiple Threads Libraries Not Supported
- 3.9 Reporting DECthreads Error Conditions
  - 3.9.1 Contents of a DECthreads Bugcheck Dump File
  - 3.9.2 Interpreting a DECthreads Bugcheck
Chapter 4 Writing Thread-Safe Libraries
- 4.1 Features of the tis Interface
  - 4.1.1 Reentrant Code Required
  - 4.1.2 Performance of tis Interface Routines
  - 4.1.3 Run-Time Linkage of tis Interface Routines
- 4.2 Using Mutexes
- 4.3 Using Condition Variables
- 4.4 Using Thread-Specific Data
- 4.5 Using Readers/Writer Locks
Chapter 5 Using the DECthreads Exception Package
- 5.1 Overview of Exceptions
  - 5.1.1 Types of Exceptions
  - 5.1.2 Terminating Exception Semantics
- 5.2 Exception Operations
  - 5.2.1 Declaring and Initializing an Exception Object
  - 5.2.2 Raising an Exception
  - 5.2.3 Defining a Code Region to Catch Exceptions
  - 5.2.4 Catching a Specific Exception
  - 5.2.5 Catching All Exceptions
  - 5.2.6 Reraising the Current Exception
  - 5.2.7 Defining Epilogue Actions for a Block
  - 5.2.8 Determining the Current Exception
  - 5.2.9 Importing a System-Defined Error Status into the Program as an Exception
  - 5.2.10 Exporting a System-Defined Error Status
  - 5.2.11 Reporting an Exception
  - 5.2.12 Determining Whether Two Exceptions Match
- 5.3 C Language Syntax
- 5.4 Rules and Conventions for Modular Use of Exceptions
- 5.5 DECthreads Exceptions and Definitions
Chapter 6 DECthreads Example
- 6.1 Prime Number Search Example
Part 2 POSIX.1c (pthread) Routines Reference
- Command 1 pthread_atfork
- Command 2 pthread_attr_destroy
- Command 3 pthread_attr_getdetachstate
- Command 4 pthread_attr_getguardsize_np
- Command 5 pthread_attr_getinheritsched
- Command 6 pthread_attr_getschedparam
- Command 7 pthread_attr_getschedpolicy
- Command 8 pthread_attr_getstacksize
- Command 9 pthread_attr_init
- Command 10 pthread_attr_setdetachstate
- Command 11 pthread_attr_setguardsize_np
- Command 12 pthread_attr_setinheritsched
- Command 13 pthread_attr_setschedparam
- Command 14 pthread_attr_setschedpolicy
- Command 15 pthread_attr_setstacksize
- Command 16 pthread_cancel
- Command 17 pthread_cleanup_pop
- Command 18 pthread_cleanup_push
- Command 19 pthread_cond_broadcast
- Command 20 pthread_cond_destroy
- Command 21 pthread_cond_init
- Command 22 pthread_cond_signal
- Command 23 pthread_cond_signal_int_np
- Command 24 pthread_cond_timedwait
- Command 25 pthread_cond_wait
- Command 26 pthread_condattr_destroy
- Command 27 pthread_condattr_init
- Command 28 pthread_create
- Command 29 pthread_debug
- Command 30 pthread_debug_cmd
- Command 31 pthread_delay_np
- Command 32 pthread_detach
- Command 33 pthread_equal
- Command 34 pthread_exit
- Command 35 pthread_get_expiration_np
- Command 36 pthread_getschedparam
- Command 37 pthread_getsequence_np
- Command 38 pthread_getspecific
- Command 39 pthread_join
- Command 40 pthread_key_create
- Command 41 pthread_key_delete
- Command 42 pthread_kill
- Command 43 pthread_lock_global_np
- Command 44 pthread_mutex_destroy
- Command 45 pthread_mutex_init
- Command 46 pthread_mutex_lock
- Command 47 pthread_mutex_trylock
- Command 48 pthread_mutex_unlock
- Command 49 pthread_mutexattr_destroy
- Command 50 pthread_mutexattr_gettype_np
- Command 51 pthread_mutexattr_init
- Command 52 pthread_mutexattr_settype_np
- Command 53 pthread_once
- Command 54 pthread_self
- Command 55 pthread_setcancelstate
- Command 56 pthread_setcanceltype
- Command 57 pthread_setschedparam
- Command 58 pthread_setspecific
- Command 59 pthread_sigmask
- Command 60 pthread_testcancel
- Command 61 pthread_unlock_global_np
- Command 62 sched_yield
Part 3 Digital Proprietary Interfaces: tis Routines Reference
- Command 63 tis_cond_broadcast
- Command 64 tis_cond_destroy
- Command 65 tis_cond_init
- Command 66 tis_cond_signal
- Command 67 tis_cond_wait
- Command 68 tis_getspecific
- Command 69 tis_key_create
- Command 70 tis_key_delete
- Command 71 tis_lock_global
- Command 72 tis_mutex_destroy
- Command 73 tis_mutex_init
- Command 74 tis_mutex_lock
- Command 75 tis_mutex_trylock
- Command 76 tis_mutex_unlock
- Command 77 tis_once
- Command 78 tis_read_lock
- Command 79 tis_read_trylock
- Command 80 tis_read_unlock
- Command 81 tis_rwlock_destroy
- Command 82 tis_rwlock_init
- Command 83 tis_self
- Command 84 tis_setcancelstate
- Command 85 tis_setspecific
- Command 86 tis_testcancel
- Command 87 tis_unlock_global
- Command 88 tis_write_lock
- Command 89 tis_write_trylock
- Command 90 tis_write_unlock
Part 4 Appendixes
Appendix A Considerations for Digital UNIX Systems
- A.1 Overview
- A.2 Building with DECthreads
- A.3 Two-Level Scheduling on Digital UNIX Systems
  - A.3.1 DECthreads Use of Kernel Threads
  - A.3.2 Support for Real-Time Scheduling
- A.4 Thread Cancelability of System Services
  - A.4.1 Current Cancelation Points
  - A.4.2 Future Cancelation Points
- A.5 Using Signals
  - A.5.1 POSIX sigwait Service
  - A.5.2 Handling Signals as Exceptions
- A.6 Dynamic Activation
Appendix B Considerations for OpenVMS Systems
- B.1 Overview
- B.2 Including DECthreads Header Files
- B.3 Compiling OpenVMS Images
- B.4 Linking OpenVMS Images
- B.5 Using DECthreads with Asynchronous System Trap Routines
- B.6 Dynamic Activation
- B.7 Declaring an OpenVMS Condition Handler
- B.8 Thread Cancelability of System Services
- B.9 Using OpenVMS Alpha 64-Bit Addressing
- B.10 DECthreads Condition Values
- B.11 Two-Level Scheduling on OpenVMS Alpha Systems (Alpha Only)
  - B.11.1 Linker Options to Specify Image's Use of Kernel Threads
  - B.11.2 Setting Kernel Threads Support in Existing Images
    - B.11.2.1 Examples
  - B.11.3 Querying and Setting Kernel Threads Features
  - B.11.4 Creation of Virtual Processors
  - B.11.5 Delivery of ASTs
  - B.11.6 Blocking System Services
  - B.11.7 $HIBER and $WAKE
  - B.11.8 Event Flags
  - B.11.9 Interactions with OpenVMS
  - B.11.10 Image Exit
  - B.11.11 SYSGEN Parameter MULTITHREAD
  - B.11.12 Process Control System Services and DCL Commands
    - B.11.12.1 Process-Level System Services
    - B.11.12.2 Kernel-Level System Services
    - B.11.12.3 DCL Commands
- B.12 Interoperability with POSIX for OpenVMS
Appendix C Considerations for Windows NT and Windows 95 Systems
- C.1 Using DECthreads Routines on Windows NT and Windows 95 Systems
- C.2 Compiling DECthreads Applications
- C.3 Linking DECthreads Applications
- C.4 File-Naming Support for DECthreads Header Files
- C.5 Interoperability of Win32 API and DECthreads API
- C.6 Restrictions for Win32 API Routines
- C.7 Thread Cancelability of System Services
- C.8 Unsupported DECthreads Interface Routines
- C.9 Restrictions on Using Timed Delay Routines
- C.10 Timing Issues
Appendix D Debugging Multithreaded Applications
- D.1 DECthreads Debugger
  - D.1.1 Interactive Debugging
  - D.1.2 Noninteractive Debugging
  - D.1.3 Running DECthreads in Metered Mode
  - D.1.4 DECthreads Debugger Commands
    - D.1.4.1 Conditions Command
    - D.1.4.2 Exit and Quit Commands
    - D.1.4.3 Help Command
    - D.1.4.4 Keys Command
    - D.1.4.5 Mutexes Command
    - D.1.4.6 Show Command
    - D.1.4.7 Stack Command
    - D.1.4.8 System Command
    - D.1.4.9 Threads Command
    - D.1.4.10 Versions Command
- D.2 Using Ladebug on Digital UNIX
- D.3 Debugging Threads on OpenVMS Systems
  - D.3.1 Display of Stack Trace from Unhandled Exception
- D.4 Debugging Threads on Windows NT Systems
Appendix E Migrating from the cma Interface
- E.1 Overview
- E.2 cma Handles
- E.3 Interface Routine Mapping
- E.4 New pthread Routines
Appendix F Migrating from the d4 Interface
- F.1 Overview
- F.2 Error Status and Function Returns
- F.3 Replaced or Renamed Routines
- F.4 Routines with No Changes to Syntax
- F.5 Routines with Prototype or Syntax Changes
- F.6 New Routines
Glossary
Index
Examples
- 2-1 pthread Cancel
- 6-1 C Program Example (Prime Number Search)
Figures
- 1-1 Single-Threaded Process
- 1-2 Multithreaded Process
- 1-3 Thread State Transitions
- 1-4 Work Crew Model of Thread Operation
- 1-5 Pipelining Model of Thread Operation
- 2-1 Flow with FIFO Scheduling
- 2-2 Flow with RR Scheduling
- 2-3 Flow with Default Scheduling
- 2-4 Only One Thread Can Lock a Mutex
- 2-5 Thread A Waits on Condition Ready
- 2-6 Thread B Signals Condition Ready
- 2-7 Thread A Wakes and Proceeds
- 4-1 Readers/Writer Lock Behavior
Tables
- 1-1 DECthreads pthread Routines Summary
- 1-2 DECthreads tis Routines Summary
- 5-1 pthread Exceptions
- A-1 DECthreads Header Files
- A-2 Digital UNIX Shared Libraries for Multithreaded Programs
- A-3 Signals Reported as Exceptions
- B-1 DECthreads Header Files
- B-2 DECthreads Images
- B-3 DECthreads Condition Values
- B-4 Results of Keywords Arguments to /THREADS_ENABLE Qualifier
- B-5 Return Values from$GETJPI System Service
- D-1 DECthreads Debugging Return Status
- D-2 Qualifiers for conditions Command
- D-3 Qualifiers for mutexes Command
- D-4 Qualifiers for show Command
- D-5 Qualifiers for stack Command
- D-6 Qualifiers for threads Command
- E-1 Corresponding cma and pthread Routines
- F-1 pthread Routines That Replace d4 Routines
- F-2 d4 Routines With Syntax Changes as pthread Routines
- F-3 d4 Routines Whose pthread Counterpart Uses Standard Datatypes

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  22-NOV-1996 13:20:30.38

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