![[Digital logo]](../../IMAGES/DIGITAL-LOGO.GIF){kind=logo}
![[HR]](../../IMAGES/REDBAR.GIF)
Execute AUTOGEN to reset system parameter values and system file sizes. The new values and file sizes take effect the next time the system is booted.
@SYS$UPDATE:AUTOGEN [start-phase] [end-phase] [execution-mode]
start-phase
Specify the phase where AUTOGEN is to begin executing. Table 6-3 lists the options for the end-phase parameter.The phase specified for start-phase must either precede or be identical to the phase specified for end-phase, according to the sequence shown in Table 6-3. If you do not supply an option for the start-phase parameter, enter a null argument (that is, "" ). If you do not specify a start phase, GENPARAMS is the default.
end-phase
Specify the phase where AUTOGEN is to complete executing. Table 6-3 lists the options for the end-phase parameter. If you do not specify an end phase, the end phase has the same value as the start phase by default.execution-mode
Specify one of the following execution-mode options to control how AUTOGEN uses feedback:
- FEEDBACK
- NOFEEDBACK
- CHECK_FEEDBACK
- Blank
Table 6-4 describes each execution-mode option.
DESCRIPTION
To invoke AUTOGEN, use the following syntax to enter a command at the DCL command prompt:$ @SYS$UPDATE:AUTOGEN [start-phase] [end-phase] [execution-mode]You are returned to DCL level when the command has finished processing unless you specify SHUTDOWN or REBOOT as the end-phase parameter.
When you save files with BACKUP, it writes the files to a special file called a save set. Save sets are written in a format that only BACKUP can interpret. (A save set stored on a Files--11 disk is a standard OpenVMS file, however, and can be copied, renamed, deleted, or backed up. A save set stored on magnetic tape should only be processed with the BACKUP command; do not use the DCL command COPY to copy a magnetic tape save set to disk.)
Use BACKUP to perform the following tasks:
For specific information about performing these tasks, see the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.
Note
Some layered products have their own special backup procedures. For more information, see the layered product documentation.
Using BACKUP also eliminates disk fragmentation. Fragmentation can occur as you create and extend files on a disk. If the file system cannot store files in contiguous blocks, it stores them in noncontiguous pieces. Eventually, the disk can become severely fragmented and system performance suffers. To eliminate fragmentation, perform an image backup of the disk and restore the backup copy. When you restore the image backup, BACKUP places the files on the disk contiguously.
Besides backing up your own files, directories, and disks, remember to back up your OpenVMS system disk. Depending on the policy at your site, individuals may be responsible for backing up their system disks, or an operator or system manager may perform the backup (as would likely be the case in a large, clustered computer system).
The two ways to back up your system disk are:
See the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual for more information about standalone BACKUP and the menu-driven procedure.
Types of backup operations are:
Note
Because an image copy or backup operation processes all files on the input volume, you cannot specify file-selection qualifiers for these operations. You can, however, restore files and directories selectively from an image save set.
The following sections describe the BACKUP command line format.
To perform BACKUP operations, enter the DCL command BACKUP in the following format:
BACKUP input-specifier output-specifier
BACKUP evaluates the input and output specifiers to determine which type of operation to perform. BACKUP also uses the input specifier to locate the input and directs output to the output specifier.
BACKUP can process several different types of input and output. Depending on the type of operation being executed, input and output specifiers can be standard OpenVMS file specifications, BACKUP save-set specifications, or device specifications. Device specifications can refer to disk or magnetic tape volumes.
You can specify any valid OpenVMS file specification as BACKUP input or output specifiers; however, BACKUP does not allow node names in BACKUP file specifications. You can use wildcard characters, and you can list multiple file specifications as input to a single BACKUP operation.
A BACKUP save-set specification is the file specification of a BACKUP save set. When you use BACKUP to save files or volumes, BACKUP writes your files to a save set. You can specify the save set as input to other BACKUP operations. When specifying a save set, follow the rules for specifying a OpenVMS file. The OpenVMS User's Manual describes valid specifications for disk files; the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual explains the rules for specifying magnetic tape files. A save-set specification has no default file type, although you can use BCK or SAV.
The save-set name can be any valid OpenVMS file name and type. However, when you create a save set on magnetic tape, the save-set name has the following restrictions:
Device specifications used as BACKUP input or output specifiers follow the conventions for specifying devices outlined in the OpenVMS User's Manual.
By default, BACKUP treats an input or output specifier referring to a Files--11 disk as a file specification. Therefore, to identify a save set on a Files--11 volume, you must include the /SAVE_SET qualifier with the specifier (see /SAVE_SET). BACKUP treats input and output specifiers referring to magnetic tape as save sets.
Note
You cannot specify a save set for both the input and output specifier of a BACKUP command. For this reason, you cannot perform a BACKUP operation from one magnetic tape to another.
Table 7-1 shows input and output specifiers for each type of BACKUP operation.
| Operation | Format |
|---|---|
| Save | BACKUP file-spec save-set-spec |
| Save (image) | BACKUP/IMAGE device-spec save-set-spec |
| Save (physical to disk) | BACKUP/PHYSICAL device-spec device-spec |
| Restore | BACKUP save-set-spec file-spec |
| Restore (image) | BACKUP/IMAGE save-set-spec device-spec |
| Restore (physical from disk) | BACKUP/PHYSICAL save-set-spec device-spec |
| Restore (physical from tape) | BACKUP/PHYSICAL save-set-spec device-spec |
| Copy | BACKUP file-spec file-spec |
| Copy (image) | BACKUP/IMAGE device-spec device-spec |
| Copy (physical to tape) | BACKUP/PHYSICAL device-spec save-set-spec |
| Compare |
BACKUP/COMPARE file-spec file-spec
BACKUP/COMPARE save-set-spec file-spec |
| Compare (image) |
BACKUP/COMPARE/IMAGE save-set-spec device-spec
BACKUP/COMPARE/IMAGE device-spec device-spec |
| Compare (physical) |
BACKUP/COMPARE/PHYSICAL device-spec device-spec
BACKUP/COMPARE/PHYSICAL save-set-spec device-spec |
| List¹ |
BACKUP/LIST[=file-spec] save-set-spec
BACKUP/LIST[=file-spec] device-spec |
| Create Journal | BACKUP/JOURNAL[=file-spec] file-spec save-set-spec |
| List Journal | BACKUP/JOURNAL[=file-spec]/LIST[=file-spec] |
An element list is a list of arguments specified with a command or qualifier. The arguments, or elements, in the list are separated by commas. Element lists relating to input or output specifiers are allowed only in the following circumstances:
$ BACKUP _From: DUA0:[DATA]A.DAT,B.DAT,[PROGRAMS]TEST.EXE _To: MSA0:TEST.SAV/LABEL=DLY101
$ BACKUP _From: DUA0:[DATA]*.*,DUA0:[PROGRAMS]*.* _To: MSA0:TEST.SAV,MSA1:/LABEL=WKLY01
$ BACKUP/IMAGE _From: MSA0:TEST.SAV,MSA1: _To: DUA0:[DATA...],DUA1:
You can also affect BACKUP operations by specifiying qualifiers. BACKUP has five types of qualifiers:
Note
You cannot use input and output qualifiers in image operations.
It is important to understand the differences between the types of qualifiers. The position of qualifiers in the BACKUP command line affects the results of the command. Although command qualifiers can be placed anywhere in the command line, input- and output-specifier qualifiers are position-dependent. That is, input-specifier qualifiers must be placed immediately after the input specifier, and output-specifier qualifiers must be placed immediately after the output specifier.
Additionally, several BACKUP qualifiers are both input-specifier qualifiers and output-specifier qualfiers. To achieve the results you want from a BACKUP command, ensure that you place position-dependent qualifiers correctly. For example, use the /SAVE_SET qualifier as an output save-set qualifier in a BACKUP save operation and as an input save-set qualifier in a BACKUP restore operation.
Appendix G contains more information about valid combinations of BACKUP qualifiers.
BACKUP allows you to use wildcard characters in file specifications to represent directories, file names, file types, and version numbers. Omitted file names, file types, or version numbers are assumed to be the asterisk wildcard character (*). For instance, if you omit the version number, BACKUP processes all versions. (For introductory information on wildcard characters, refer to the OpenVMS User's Manual.)
You can use any valid DCL wildcard character with input specifiers that are Files--11 media or with the /SELECT and /EXCLUDE qualifiers. Note, however, that the symbols denoting the latest versions of files (;) and relative versions of files (;-n) are processed as the asterisk wildcard character (;*) when they are used with the /EXCLUDE and /SELECT qualifiers.
You cannot use wildcard characters in BACKUP save-set specifications unless the save sets are input specifiers on tape.
Using Wildcard Characters to Represent Directories
Table 7-2 lists the types of directory wildcards allowed for output specifiers that are Files--11 media.
| Directory Wildcard | Result |
|---|---|
| omitted | If a directory name is omitted, BACKUP restores file to the current default directory []. |
| [*...] | BACKUP restores files to the directory from which they were saved. |
| [directory] | BACKUP restores files to the named directory. |
| [directory...] | The wildcard characters used in the specification of the input files determine the directory to which BACKUP restores the files. |
Note
If you specify directory wildcard characters incorrectly and your directories contain many levels of subdirectories, you risk losing the lower level subdirectories in BACKUP operations because OpenVMS directory trees can have only eight levels.
The following example uses the directory wildcard format [directory...] for both the input and the output specifiers:
$ BACKUP [OSCAR...] [JOE.RECEIVED...]
In this example, BACKUP creates a directory named [JOE.RECEIVED] (if it does not already exist) as well as subdirectories that correspond to the subdirectories of [OSCAR]. BACKUP copies all files from the directory [OSCAR] and its subdirectories to [JOE.RECEIVED] and its subdirectories. If [OSCAR] has eight levels of directories, however, BACKUP is unable to create a corresponding ninth-level subdirectory to [JOE.RECEIVED]; the eighth-level subdirectory to [OSCAR] is not copied.
If you use the asterisk wildcard character (*) to represent subdirectories in the input specifier of a copy operation, BACKUP creates subdirectories to the directory specified in the output specifier that correspond to the subdirectories in the input specifier. BACKUP then copies all files from the lowest level subdirectory in the input specifier to the lowest level subdirectory in the output specifier. In the following example, the asterisk represents subdirectories named MONDAY and TUESDAY:
$ BACKUP [SAM.WORK.*.WEDNESDAY] [JAMES...]
In this example, BACKUP creates a subdirectory named [JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY]. In doing so, BACKUP copies the file MONDAY.DIR to [JAMES], copies the file TUESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY], and copies the file WEDNESDAY.DIR to [JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY]. Then BACKUP copies all files from [SAM.WORK.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY] to [JAMES.MONDAY.TUESDAY.WEDNESDAY].
In a restore operation, the input specifier defaults to [*...] if the input save-set qualifier /SELECT is not used; this is important if you use the form [directory...] in the output specifier. The function of the wildcard [*...] is to carry over the entire directory name from the first level on and to place it before the ellipsis in the output specifier. Thus, if the save set in the following example contains the directory tree [SAVE...], the restored directory tree will be [WORK.SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [WORK...]
Note that the result will be the same, even if your output specifier has the same name as the directory in the input specifier, as shown in the following example:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [SAVE...]
The preceding command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a directory tree named [SAVE.SAVE...].
The following command restores the directory tree [SAVE...] to a directory tree named [WORK...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [WORK...]
There are two ways to retain the original directory name when you restore files. You must either use the form [*...] for the output specifier, or you must specify the input save-set qualifier /SELECT. The following example uses the form [*...] in the output specifier to restore the directory tree [SAVE...] in save set SAVE.BCK to the directory tree [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK [*...]
The input save-set qualifier /SELECT causes only the ellipsis portion of the selected file specification to be carried over to the directory tree named in the output specifier [directory...]. The following command restores [SAVE...] to [SAVE...]:
$ BACKUP MTA0:SAVE.BCK/SELECT=[SAVE...] [SAVE...]
By duplicating files or volumes of files, the Backup utility (BACKUP) protects data from loss or corruption.BACKUP is intended for use primarily by system managers and operators to protect public media. However, anyone can use BACKUP to make personal BACKUP copies and to transport files between OpenVMS systems.
The two ways to back up your system disk are:
- If you have access to the CD--ROM of the current version of OpenVMS Alpha or VAX, you can use a menu-driven procedure to back up your system disk.
- If you do not have access to the CD--ROM of the current version of OpenVMS Alpha or VAX, you must use standalone BACKUP to back up your system disk. Standalone BACKUP is a version of the Backup utility that is bootstrapped into main memory instead of running under the control of the OpenVMS VAX operating system. Standalone BACKUP uses a subset of BACKUP qualifiers to perform image and physical BACKUP operations.
BACKUP input-specifier output-specifier
input specifier
Specifies the input for the BACKUP operation. The input specifier can be a standard OpenVMS file specification, a BACKUP save-set specification, or a device name. If the input specifier is a save-set specification on disk, it must include the input save-set qualifier /SAVE_SET.DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
Wildcards are permitted in standard OpenVMS file specifications and in save-set specifications if they are on magnetic tape.
output specifier
Specifies the output for the BACKUP operation. The output specifier, like the input specifier, can be either a standard OpenVMS file specification, a BACKUP save-set specification, or a device name. If the output specifier is a save set on disk, it must include the output save-set qualifier /SAVE_SET.DECnet node names are allowed only in save-set specifications.
You can use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a Files--11 volume. You cannot use wildcard characters if the output specifier is a BACKUP save set or a volume created by a BACKUP/PHYSICAL or BACKUP/IMAGE operation. Refer to Section 7.3.3 for restrictions on the use of wildcard characters in BACKUP commands.
To invoke online BACKUP, enter an appropriate BACKUP command at the DCL prompt. For instructions on invoking standalone BACKUP, refer to the OpenVMS System Manager's Manual.When you enter a BACKUP command, BACKUP evaluates the input and output specifier and qualifiers to determine the type of operation to perform. BACKUP uses the input specifier to locate the input to the utility and directs output to the output specifier, which can be a file or a save set on disk or a save set on magnetic tape.
After executing the command, BACKUP returns to DCL command level. If you want to halt the execution of a BACKUP command prematurely, press Ctrl/Y. If BACKUP is creating a file when you press Ctrl/Y, the file is closed immediately and only partially created.
You need the user privilege TMPMBX to send messages to operator terminals when using BACKUP in batch mode. If you are performing a save operation to a volume set of sequential disks, you must have the user privilege PHY_IO or LOG_IO to write to a continuation volume. The use of several BACKUP qualifiers also requires privileges; these are noted in the appropriate qualifier descriptions.
| Qualifier | Description |
|---|---|
| /ALIAS | Specifies whether to maintain the previous behavior of multiple processing of alias and primary file entries. |
| /ASSIST | Allows operator or user intervention if a request to mount a magnetic tape fails during a BACKUP operation. |
| /BACKUP | Selects files according to the BACKUP date written in the file header record by the BACKUP/RECORD command. |
| /BEFORE | Selects files dated earlier than the date and time you specify. |
| /BLOCK_SIZE | Specifies the output block size in bytes for data records in a BACKUP save set. |
| /BRIEF | Causes the /LIST qualifier to display the file specification, size (in blocks), and creation date for each file in the save set. |
| /BUFFER_COUNT | This qualifier is obsolete and has no effect. |
| /BY_OWNER |
As an input file-selection qualifier, /BY_OWNER causes BACKUP to
process files owned by the specified UIC.
As an output file qualifier, /BY_OWNER redefines the owner user identification code (UIC) for restored files. As an output save-set qualifier, /BY_OWNER specifies the owner user identification code (UIC) of the save set. |
| /COMMENT | Places the string that you supply into the BACKUP summary record of the output save set. |
| /COMPARE | Causes BACKUP to compare the contents of the first parameter with the contents of the second parameter. |
| /CONFIRM | Displays prompts on your terminal for confirmation before processing each file. |
| /CRC |
As an input save-set qualifier, /CRC checks the software cyclic
redundancy check (CRC) encoded in the save set's data blocks.
As an output save-set qualifier, /CRC specifies that the CRC is to be computed and stored in the data blocks of the output save set. |
| /CREATED | Selects files according to the value of the creation date field in each file header record. |
| /DELETE | Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation is to delete the selected input files from the input volume after all files have been successfully processed. |
| /DENSITY | Specifies the recording density of the output magnetic tape in bits per inch (bits/in). |
| /EXACT_ORDER | Specifies the exact order of tape volume labels that you want to use in a BACKUP operation. |
| /EXCLUDE | Excludes files from processing that otherwise meet the selection criteria for a save or copy operation. |
| /EXPIRED | Selects files according to the value of the expiration date field in each file header record. |
| /FAST | Processes the input specifier using a fast file scan to reduce processing time. |
| /FULL | Displays the information produced by the /LIST command qualifier in a format similar to that displayed by the DCL command DIRECTORY/FULL. |
| /GROUP_SIZE | Defines the number of blocks BACKUP places in each redundancy group. |
| /IGNORE | Specifies that a BACKUP save or copy operation will override restrictions placed on files or will not perform tape label processing checks. |
| /IMAGE | Directs BACKUP to process an entire volume or volume set. |
| /INCREMENTAL | Allows you to restore a disk volume from a series of incremental save sets. |
| /INITIALIZE | Initializes an output disk volume, making its entire previous contents unavailable. |
| /INTERCHANGE | Directs BACKUP to process files in a manner suitable for data interchange (software distribution) by excluding information that would prevent other utilities or sites from reading the BACKUP save set. |
| /JOURNAL | Specifies that a BACKUP save operation is to create, or append information to, a BACKUP journal file. |
| /LABEL | Specifies the 1- to 6- character volume labels for the magnetic tapes and 1- to 12- character volume labels for disks to which the save set is written. |
| /LIST | Lists information about a BACKUP save set and about the files in a save set. |
| /LOG | Displays the file specification of each file processed during the operation on SYS$OUTPUT. |
| /MEDIA_FORMAT | Controls whether data records are automatically compacted and blocked together. |
| /MODIFIED | Selects files according to the value of the modified date field (the date the file was last modified) in each file header record. |
| /NEW_VERSION | Creates a new version of a file if a file with an identical specification already exists at the location to which the file is being restored or copied. |
| /OVERLAY | Writes over an existing file when an identically named file is encountered during the restore operation. |
| /OWNER_UIC | The /OWNER_UIC qualifier has been superseded by the /BY_OWNER qualifier. Digital recommends that you substitute /BY_OWNER for OWNER_UIC in command procedures and operator instructions. See the description of the /BY_OWNER qualifier for more information. |
| /PHYSICAL | Specifies that a BACKUP operation is to ignore any file structure on the input volume and to process the volume in terms of logical blocks. |
| /PROTECTION | When you create a save set on disk, this qualifier defines the protection to be applied to an output save set. When you create a save set on magnetic tape, this qualifier defines the protection to be applied to the magnetic tape volume. |
| /RECORD | Records the current date and time in the BACKUP date field of each file header once a file is successfully saved or copied. |
| /RELEASE_TAPE | Dismounts and unloads a tape after a BACKUP save operation either writes and verifies the save set, or reaches the end of the tape. |
| /REPLACE | Replaces a file on the output specifier with an identically named file from the input specifier. |
| /REWIND |
As an input save-set qualifier, /REWIND rewinds the input tape reel to
the beginning-of-tape marker before reading the input volume.
As an output save-set qualifier, /REWIND rewinds the output tape to the beginning-of-tape marker and initializes the output tape. |
| /SAVE_SET |
As an input save-set qualifier, /SAVE_SET directs BACKUP to treat the
input file as a BACKUP save set.
As an output save-set qualifier, /SAVE_SET directs BACKUP to treat the output file as a BACKUP save set. |
| /SELECT | Selects the specified files for processing. |
| /SINCE | Selects files dated equal to or later than the specified date and time. |
| /TAPE_EXPIRATION | Writes a file expiration date other than the current date to the file header label of the save set. |
| /TRUNCATE | Controls whether a copy or restore operation truncates a sequential output file at the end-of-file (EOF) when creating it. |
| /UNSHELVE | Controls whether the Backup utility designates files from a BACKUP save operation as unshelved or shelved. |
| /VERIFY | Specifies that the contents of the output specifier be compared with the contents of the input specifier after a save, restore, or copy operation is completed. |
| /VOLUME | Indicates that a specific disk volume in a disk volume set is to be processed. |
6048P012.HTM OSSG Documentation 26-NOV-1996 12:42:34.97
Copyright © Digital Equipment Corporation 1996. All Rights Reserved.